Gweydr Noun Cases

Gweydr has a good number of noun cases which are realized by prefixes. A lot of "phonology" then happens with these prefixes, though if you try to figure it out phonologically, you'll be doing more harm than good. The thing that makes Gweydr's noun case system special is that I designed it using the principles of Word and Paradigm Morphology. Thus, this page will have a lot of tables.

Gweydr has two numbers (singular and plural), and fifteen cases (four core and eleven oblique), giving each noun thirty different forms. The cases are:

1. Nominative: Used for most subjects.
2. Terminative: Used for some direct objects and goals.
3. Partitive: Used for some direct objects.
4. Genitive: Used for possession.
5. Instrumental: Used for instruments.
6. Comitative: Used to express companionship.
7. Essive: Used in a variety of ways.
8. Adessive: Used to express stationariness.
9. Allative: Used to express motion towards or onto.
10. Abessive: Used primarily to express origins.
11. Ablative: Used to express motion away from or off of.
12. Inessive: Used to say that something is in something else.
13. Illative: Used to say that something goes in something else.
14. Exessive: Used to say that something is out of something else.
15. Elative: Used to express that something goes out of something else.

Below, you'll find a large number of tables. The first will be the schema for all noun classes. That is, if you want to say that "the prefix for x case is y", you can use this table as a guide. They don't match up perfectly with every case prefix, but it'll put you in the right ballpark.

After the schematic table will be a number of noun classes. Each noun in Gweydr is a part of a particular noun class. To see how a noun in a given class is conjugated, simply click on the appropriate class, and you'll be whisked away to the corresponding table. The table will list the prefixes for that noun class, and will give a few examples of declined nouns from that noun class.

Below the case tables will be a detailed description of how each case is used. You can click on the name of a given case pretty much anywhere on this site (Gweydr's, that is) to go directly to a description of that case—including the names of the cases in the tables themselves.

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Schematic Noun Case Table

Singular		Plural
Cases	Form	Cases	Form
Nominative	—	Nominative	-(i)ks
Terminative	k(i)-	Terminative	k(i)- -(i)ks
Partitive	r(A)-	Partitive	r(A)- -(i)ks
Genitive	f(U)-	Genitive	f(U)- -(i)ks
Instrumental	t(A)-	Instrumental	t(A)- -(i)ks
Comitative	n(e)-	Comitative	n(e)- -(i)ks
Essive	Al-	Essive	Al- -(i)ks
Adessive	g(i)-	Adessive	g(i)- -(i)ks
Allative	w(O)-	Allative	w(O)- -(i)ks
Abessive	d(i)-	Abessive	d(i)- -(i)ks
Ablative	þ(i)-	Ablative	þ(i)- -(i)ks
Inessive	s(A)-	Inessive	s(A)- -(i)ks
Illative	š(A)-	Illative	š(A)- -(i)ks
Exessive	m(A)-	Exessive	m(A)- -(i)ks
Elative	'Um-	Elative	'Um- -(i)ks

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Gweydr Noun Classes

Below is a list of the noun classes of Gweydr. This list is intended to allow you to go directly to the noun class paradigm you want to see without having to scroll through them all. Each class has a default class and four subclasses.

Class I Class IA Class IB Class IC Class ID

Class II Class IIA Class IIB Class IIC Class IID

Class III Class IIIA Class IIIB Class IIIC Class IIID

Class IV Class IVA Class IVB Class IVC Class IVD

Class V Class VA Class VB Class VC Class VD

Class VI Class VIA Class VIB Class VIC Class VID

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Class I: Default Class

Is there anything more exciting than the word "default"? John Yap says, "No".

Class I is the class used for nouns which begin with a non-glottal consonant, have one or more syllables, and end in a consonant (if monosyllabic). Most nouns fall into this class.

Class I Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	bént "nose"	kórúná "child"	Cases	Form	bént "nose"	kórúná "child"
Nominative	—	bént	kórúná	Nominative	-(i)ks	béntíks	kórúnáks
Terminative	k(i)-	kíbént	kíkórúná	Terminative	k(i)- -(i)ks	kíbéntíks	kíkórúnáks
Partitive	rA-	râbént	rákórúná	Partitive	rA- -(i)ks	râbéntíks	rákórúnáks
Genitive	f(U)-	fûbént	fúkórúná	Genitive	f(U)- -(i)ks	fûbéntíks	fúkórúnáks
Instrumental	t(A)-	tâbént	tákórúná	Instrumental	t(A)- -(i)ks	tâbéntíks	tákórúnáks
Comitative	n(e)-	nébént	nékórúná	Comitative	n(e)- -(i)ks	nébéntíks	nékórúnáks
Essive	Al-	âlbént	álkórúná	Essive	Al- -(i)ks	âlbéntíks	álkórúnáks
Adessive	g(i)-	gíbént	gíkórúná	Adessive	g(i)- -(i)ks	gíbéntíks	gíkórúnáks
Allative	wO-	wébént	wókórúná	Allative	wO- -(i)ks	wébéntíks	wókórúnáks
Abessive	d(i)-	díbént	díkórúná	Abessive	d(i)- -(i)ks	díbéntíks	díkórúnáks
Ablative	þ(i)-	þíbént	þíkórúná	Ablative	þ(i)- -(i)ks	þíbéntíks	þíkórúnáks
Inessive	s(A)-	zbént	skórúná	Inessive	s(A)- -(i)ks	zbéntíks	skórúnáks
Illative	šA-	šâbént	šákórúná	Illative	šA- -(i)ks	šâbéntíks	šákórúnáks
Exessive	m(A)-	mâbént	mákórúná	Exessive	m(A)- -(i)ks	mâbéntíks	mákórúnáks
Elative	'Um-	'ûmbént	'úmkórúná	Elative	'Um- -(i)ks	'ûmbéntíks	'úmkórúnáks

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Class IA: Plural Fronted Stem Class

Class IA is, again, for words that begin and end with a consonant, but these words are only monosyllabic (unless the second syllable is comprised entirely of consonants), and must contain one of three vowels: a, o, or u (either their lax or tense variants). In this class, the normal back vowels front, such that a becomes ä; o becomes ö; and u becomes ü. The result is what's known as the fronted stem. In Class IA, the fronted stem is used to form the plural, such that the same case marking applies to two different stems (the normal stem and fronted stem) to achieve the effect of having two different numbers.

Class IA Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	roþl "hawk"	fáy "three"	Cases	Form	roþl "hawk"	fáy "three"
Nominative	—	roþl	fáy	Nominative	—	röþl	fây
Terminative	k(i)-	kroþl	kíváy	Terminative	k(i)-	kröþl	kívây
Partitive	r(A)-	raroþl	ráváy	Partitive	r(A)-	räröþl	râvây
Genitive	f(U)-	froþl	fúváy	Genitive	f(U)-	fröþl	fûvây
Instrumental	t(A)-	troþl	táváy	Instrumental	t(A)-	tröþl	tâvây
Comitative	n(e)-	nroþl	néváy	Comitative	n(e)-	nröþl	névây
Essive	Al-	alroþl	álfáy	Essive	Al-	älröþl	âlfây
Adessive	g(i)-	groþl	gíváy	Adessive	g(i)-	gröþl	gívây
Allative	wO-	woroþl	wóváy	Allative	wO-	wöröþl	wôvây
Abessive	d(i)-	droþl	díváy	Abessive	d(i)-	dröþl	dívây
Ablative	þ(i)-	þroþl	þíváy	Ablative	þ(i)-	þröþl	þívây
Inessive	s(A)-	sroþl	sfáy	Inessive	s(A)-	sröþl	sfây
Illative	šA-	šaroþl	šáváy	Illative	šA-	šäröþl	šâvây
Exessive	m(A)-	mroþl	máváy	Exessive	m(A)-	mröþl	mâvây
Elative	'Um-	'umroþl	'úmfáy	Elative	'Um-	'ümröþl	'ûmfây

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Class IB: Oblique Fronted Stem Class

Class IB is also for words that begin and end with a consonant, but these words are only monosyllabic (unless the second syllable is comprised entirely of consonants), and must contain one of three vowels: a, o, or u (either their lax or tense variants). In this class, the normal back vowels front, such that a becomes ä; o becomes ö; and u becomes ü. The result is what's known as the fronted stem. In Class IB, the fronted stem is used to form the oblique cases in the singular, while the normal stem is used to form the core cases. The core cases are the nominative, terminative, partitive, and genitive. The rest are the oblique cases. In the plural, the fronted stem is used for the core cases, and the fronted stem plus the plural marker -ks is used for the oblique cases.

Class IB Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	gól "maple"	wuš "leaf"	Cases	Form	gól "maple"	wuš "leaf"
Nominative	—	gól	wuš	Nominative	—	gôl	wüš
Terminative	k(i)-	kígól	kwuš	Terminative	k(i)-	kígôl	kwüš
Partitive	rA-	rágól	rawuš	Partitive	rA-	râgôl	räwüš
Genitive	f(U)-	fúgól	fwuš	Genitive	f(U)-	fûgôl	fwüš
Instrumental	t(A)-	tâgôl	twüš	Instrumental	t(A)- -(i)ks	tâgôlks	twüžiks
Comitative	n(e)-	négôl	nwüš	Comitative	n(e)- -(i)ks	négôlks	nwüžiks
Essive	Al-	âlgôl	älwüš	Essive	Al- -(i)ks	âlgôlks	älwüžiks
Adessive	g(i)-	gígôl	gwüš	Adessive	g(i)- -(i)ks	gígôlks	gwüžiks
Allative	wO-	wôgôl	wöwüš	Allative	wO- -(i)ks	wôgôlks	wöwüžiks
Abessive	d(i)-	dígôl	dwüš	Abessive	d(i)- -(i)ks	dígôlks	dwüžiks
Ablative	þ(i)-	þígôl	þwüš	Ablative	þ(i)- -(i)ks	þígôlks	þwüžiks
Inessive	s(A)-	zgôl	swüš	Inessive	s(A)- -(i)ks	zgôlks	swüžiks
Illative	šA-	šâgôl	šäwüš	Illative	šA- -(i)ks	šâgôlks	šäwüžiks
Exessive	m(A)-	mâgôl	mwüš	Exessive	m(A)- -(i)ks	mâgôlks	mwüžiks
Elative	'Um-	'ûmgôl	'ümwüš	Elative	'Um- -(i)ks	'ûmgôlks	'ümwüžiks

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Class IC: Plural Raised Stem Class

Class IC is for monosyllabic words that begin and end with a consonant, and whose vowel is e. In this class, the vowel e raises to become i. The result is what's known as the raised stem. In Class IC, the raised stem is used to form the plural, such that the same case marking applies to two different stems (the normal stem and the raised stem) to achieve the effect of having two different numbers.

Class IC Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	fest "eye"	šél "bird"	Cases	Form	fest "eye"	šél "bird"
Nominative	—	fest	šél	Nominative	—	fist	šíl
Terminative	k(i)-	kivest	kížél	Terminative	k(i)-	kivist	kížíl
Partitive	r(A)-	rävest	râžél	Partitive	r(A)-	rävist	râžíl
Genitive	f(U)-	füvest	fûžél	Genitive	f(U)-	fivist	fížíl
Instrumental	t(A)-	tävest	tâžél	Instrumental	t(A)-	tävist	tâžíl
Comitative	n(e)-	nevest	néžél	Comitative	n(e)-	nevist	néžíl
Essive	Al-	älfest	âlšél	Essive	Al-	älfist	âlšíl
Adessive	g(i)-	givest	gížél	Adessive	g(i)-	givist	gížíl
Allative	wO-	wevest	wéžél	Allative	wO-	wövist	wôžíl
Abessive	d(i)-	divest	dížél	Abessive	d(i)-	divist	dížíl
Ablative	þ(i)-	þivest	þížél	Ablative	þ(i)-	þivist	þížíl
Inessive	s(A)-	sfest	sâžél	Inessive	s(A)-	sfist	sâžíl
Illative	šA-	šävest	šâžél	Illative	šA-	šävist	šâžíl
Exessive	m(A)-	mävest	mâžél	Exessive	m(A)-	mävist	mâžíl
Elative	'Um-	'ümfest	'ûmšél	Elative	'Um-	'imfist	'ímšíl

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Class ID: Oblique Raised Stem Class

Class ID is for monosyllabic words that begin and end with a consonant, and whose vowel is e. In this class, the vowel e raises to become i. The result is what's known as the raised stem. In Class ID, the raised stem is used to form the oblique cases in the singular, while the normal stem is used to form the core cases. The core cases are the nominative, terminative, partitive, and genitive. The rest are the oblique cases. In the plural, the raised stem is used for the core cases, and the raised stem plus the plural marker -ks is used for the oblique cases.

Class ID Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	peþ "hand"	derk "seed"	Cases	Form	peþ "hand"	derk "seed"
Nominative	—	peþ	derk	Nominative	—	piþ	dirk
Terminative	k(i)-	kipeþ	kiderk	Terminative	k(i)-	kipiþ	kidirk
Partitive	rA-	räpeþ	räderk	Partitive	rA-	räpiþ	rädirk
Genitive	f(U)-	füpeþ	füderk	Genitive	f(U)-	fipiþ	fidirk
Instrumental	t(A)-	täpiþ	tädirk	Instrumental	t(A)- -(i)ks	täpiðiks	tädirkis
Comitative	n(e)-	nepiþ	nedirk	Comitative	n(e)- -(i)ks	nepiðiks	nedirkis
Essive	Al-	älpiþ	äldirk	Essive	Al- -(i)ks	älpiðiks	äldirkis
Adessive	g(i)-	gipiþ	gidirk	Adessive	g(i)- -(i)ks	gipiðiks	gidirkis
Allative	wO-	wöpiþ	wödirk	Allative	wO- -(i)ks	wöpiðiks	wödirkis
Abessive	d(i)-	dipiþ	didirk	Abessive	d(i)- -(i)ks	dipiðiks	didirkis
Ablative	þ(i)-	þipiþ	þidirk	Ablative	þ(i)- -(i)ks	þipiðiks	þidirkis
Inessive	s(A)-	spiþ	zdirk	Inessive	s(A)- -(i)ks	spiðiks	zdirkis
Illative	šA-	šäpiþ	šädirk	Illative	šA- -(i)ks	šäpiðiks	šädirkis
Exessive	m(A)-	mäpiþ	mädirk	Exessive	m(A)- -(i)ks	mäpiðiks	mädirkis
Elative	'Um-	'impiþ	'imdirk	Elative	'Um- -(i)ks	'impiðiks	'imdirkis

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Class II: Short Glottal Default Class

Class II is the class used for nouns which begin with a short glottal consonant. These are nouns that begin with either a glottal stop or glottal fricative that detaches when a case prefix is attached. Thus, it's as if the words began with a vowel (but they don't). Romanizationally, these are words that begin with a vowel, or the letter h.

Class II Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	eš "mouth"	hâzíf "knife"	Cases	Form	eš "mouth"	hâzíf "knife"
Nominative	— / h-	eš	hâzíf	Nominative	-(i)ks / h- -(i)ks	ežiks	hâzívíks
Terminative	k-	keš	kâzíf	Terminative	k- -(i)ks	kežiks	kâzívíks
Partitive	r-	reš	râzíf	Partitive	r- -(i)ks	režiks	râzívíks
Genitive	f-	feš	fâzíf	Genitive	f- -(i)ks	fežiks	fâzívíks
Instrumental	t-	teš	tâzíf	Instrumental	t- -(i)ks	težiks	tâzívíks
Comitative	n-	neš	nâzíf	Comitative	n- -(i)ks	nežiks	nâzívíks
Essive	Al-	äleš	âlâzíf	Essive	Al- -(i)ks	äležiks	âlâzívíks
Adessive	g-	geš	gâzíf	Adessive	g- -(i)ks	gežiks	gâzívíks
Allative	w-	weš	wâzíf	Allative	w- -(i)ks	wežiks	wâzívíks
Abessive	d-	deš	dâzíf	Abessive	d- -(i)ks	dežiks	dâzívíks
Ablative	þ-	þeš	þâzíf	Ablative	þ- -(i)ks	þežiks	þâzívíks
Inessive	s-	seš	sâzíf	Inessive	s- -(i)ks	sežiks	sâzívíks
Illative	š-	šeš	šâzíf	Illative	š- -(i)ks	šežiks	šâzívíks
Exessive	m-	meš	mâzíf	Exessive	m- -(i)ks	mežiks	mâzívíks
Elative	'Um-	'ümeš	'ûmâzíf	Elative	'Um- -(i)ks	'ümežiks	'ûmâzívíks

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Class IIA: Short Glottal Plural Fronted Stem Class

Class IIA is for monosyllabic words that begin with a short glottal and end with a consonant and contain one of three vowels: a, o, or u (either their lax or tense variants). In this class, the normal back vowels front, such that a becomes ä; o becomes ö; and u becomes ü. The result is what's known as the fronted stem. In Class IIA, the fronted stem is used to form the plural, such that the same case marking applies to two different stems (the normal stem and fronted stem) to achieve the effect of having two different numbers. Additionally, the short glottal is removed when a case prefix is attached, so that it's as if the word began with a vowel.

Class IIA Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	ot "fruit"	húm "owl"	Cases	Form	ot "fruit"	húm "owl"
Nominative	— / h-	ot	húm	Nominative	— / h-	öt	hûm
Terminative	k-	kot	kúm	Terminative	k-	köt	kûm
Partitive	r-	rot	rúm	Partitive	r-	röt	rûm
Genitive	f-	fot	fúm	Genitive	f-	föt	fûm
Instrumental	t-	tot	túm	Instrumental	t-	töt	tûm
Comitative	n-	not	núm	Comitative	n-	nöt	nûm
Essive	Al-	alot	álúm	Essive	Al-	älöt	âlûm
Adessive	g-	got	gúm	Adessive	g-	göt	gûm
Allative	w-	wot	wúm	Allative	w-	wöt	wûm
Abessive	d-	dot	dúm	Abessive	d-	döt	dûm
Ablative	þ-	þot	þúm	Ablative	þ-	þöt	þûm
Inessive	s-	sot	súm	Inessive	s-	söt	sûm
Illative	š-	šot	šúm	Illative	š-	šöt	šûm
Exessive	m-	mot	múm	Exessive	m-	möt	mûm
Elative	'Um-	'umot	'úmúm	Elative	'Um-	'ümöt	'ûmûm

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Class IIB: Short Glottal Oblique Fronted Stem Class

Class IIB is for monosyllabic words that begin with a short glottal and end with a consonant and contain one of three vowels: a, o, or u (either their lax or tense variants). In this class, the normal back vowels front, such that a becomes ä; o becomes ö; and u becomes ü. The result is what's known as the fronted stem. In Class IIB, the fronted stem is used to form the oblique cases in the singular, while the normal stem is used to form the core cases. The core cases are the nominative, terminative, partitive, and genitive. The rest are the oblique cases. In the plural, the fronted stem is used for the core cases, and the fronted stem plus the plural marker -ks is used for the oblique cases.

Class IIB Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	hán "neck"	áp "string"	Cases	Form	hán "neck"	áp "string"
Nominative	— / h-	hán	áp	Nominative	— / h-	hân	âp
Terminative	k-	kán	káp	Terminative	k-	kân	kâp
Partitive	r-	rán	ráp	Partitive	r-	rân	râp
Genitive	f-	fán	fáp	Genitive	f-	fân	fâp
Instrumental	t-	tân	tâp	Instrumental	t- -(i)ks	tânks	tâbíks
Comitative	n-	nân	nâp	Comitative	n- -(i)ks	nânks	nâbíks
Essive	Al-	âlân	âlâp	Essive	Al- -(i)ks	âlânks	âlâbíks
Adessive	g-	gân	gâp	Adessive	g- -(i)ks	gânks	gâbíks
Allative	w-	wân	wâp	Allative	w- -(i)ks	wânks	wâbíks
Abessive	d-	dân	dâp	Abessive	d- -(i)ks	dânks	dâbíks
Ablative	þ-	þân	þâp	Ablative	þ- -(i)ks	þânks	þâbíks
Inessive	s-	sân	sâp	Inessive	s- -(i)ks	sânks	sâbíks
Illative	š-	šân	šâp	Illative	š- -(i)ks	šânks	šâbíks
Exessive	m-	mân	mâp	Exessive	m- -(i)ks	mânks	mâbíks
Elative	'Um-	'ûmân	'ûmâp	Elative	'Um- -(i)ks	'ûmânks	'ûmâbíks

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Class IIC: Short Glottal Plural Raised Stem Class

Class IIC is for monosyllabic words that begin with a short glottal and end with a consonant, and whose vowel is e. In this class, the vowel e raises to become i. The result is what's known as the raised stem. In Class IIC, the raised stem is used to form the plural, such that the same case marking applies to two different stems (the normal stem and the raised stem) to achieve the effect of having two different numbers. [Note: Though you can't see it here, there's a disappearing d in the word for "bucket". See rule 2 of the phonology section for an explanation.]

Class IIC Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	ent "tree"	hét "bucket"	Cases	Form	ent "tree"	hét "bucket"
Nominative	— / h-	ent	hét	Nominative	— / h-	int	hít
Terminative	k-	kent	két	Terminative	k-	kint	kít
Partitive	r-	rent	rét	Partitive	r-	rint	rít
Genitive	f-	fent	fét	Genitive	f-	fint	fít
Instrumental	t-	tent	tét	Instrumental	t-	tint	tít
Comitative	n-	nent	nét	Comitative	n-	nint	nít
Essive	Al-	älent	âlét	Essive	Al-	älint	âlít
Adessive	g-	gent	gét	Adessive	g-	gint	gít
Allative	w-	went	wét	Allative	w-	wint	wít
Abessive	d-	dent	dét	Abessive	d-	dint	dít
Ablative	þ-	þent	þét	Ablative	þ-	þint	þít
Inessive	s-	sent	sét	Inessive	s-	sint	sít
Illative	š-	šent	šét	Illative	š-	šint	šít
Exessive	m-	ment	mét	Exessive	m-	mint	mít
Elative	'Um-	'üment	'ûmét	Elative	'Um-	'imint	'ímít

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Class IID: Short Glottal Oblique Raised Stem Class

Class IID is for monosyllabic words that begin with a short glottal and end with a consonant, and whose vowel is e. In this class, the vowel e raises to become i. The result is what's known as the raised stem. In Class IID, the raised stem is used to form the oblique cases in the singular, while the normal stem is used to form the core cases. The core cases are the nominative, terminative, partitive, and genitive. The rest are the oblique cases. In the plural, the raised stem is used for the core cases, and the raised stem plus the plural marker -ks is used for the oblique cases. [Note: The d at the end of the word for "skin" is not pronounced when it comes word-finally. For more info see rule 12 of the phonology section for an explanation.]

Class IID Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	end "skin"	hél "petal"	Cases	Form	end "skin"	hél "petal"
Nominative	— / h-	end	hél	Nominative	— / h-	ind	híl
Terminative	k-	kend	kél	Terminative	k-	kind	kíl
Partitive	r-	rend	rél	Partitive	r-	rind	ríl
Genitive	f-	fend	fél	Genitive	f-	find	fíl
Instrumental	t-	tind	tíl	Instrumental	t- -(i)ks	tindiks	tílks
Comitative	n-	nind	níl	Comitative	n- -(i)ks	nindiks	nílks
Essive	Al-	älind	âlíl	Essive	Al- -(i)ks	älindiks	âlílks
Adessive	g-	gind	gíl	Adessive	g- -(i)ks	gindiks	gílks
Allative	w-	wind	wíl	Allative	w- -(i)ks	windiks	wílks
Abessive	d-	dind	díl	Abessive	d- -(i)ks	dindiks	dílks
Ablative	þ-	þind	þíl	Ablative	þ- -(i)ks	þindiks	þílks
Inessive	s-	sind	síl	Inessive	s- -(i)ks	sindiks	sílks
Illative	š-	šind	šíl	Illative	š- -(i)ks	šindiks	šílks
Exessive	m-	mind	míl	Exessive	m- -(i)ks	mindiks	mílks
Elative	'Um-	'imind	'ímíl	Elative	'Um- -(i)ks	'imindiks	'ímílks

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Class III: Soft Glottal Fricative Default Class

Class III is the class used for nouns which begin with a soft glottal fricative consonant. Romanizationally, these are words that begin with the letter ĥ. Though the fricative doesn't sound different when compared any other glottal fricative, soft glottal fricatives have a kind of spirantizing effect on preceding consonants. Thus, the consonants in case prefixes are "softened", in a way. For examples, see below.

Class III Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	ĥágólč "warrior"	ĥum "wood"	Cases	Form	ĥágólč "warrior"	ĥum "wood"
Nominative	ĥ-	ĥágólč	ĥum	Nominative	ĥ- -(i)ks	ĥágólčíks	ĥumiks
Terminative	x-	xágólč	xum	Terminative	x- -(i)ks	xágólčíks	xumiks
Partitive	ŕ-	ŕágólč	ŕum	Partitive	ŕ- -(i)ks	ŕágólčíks	ŕumiks
Genitive	f-	fágólč	fum	Genitive	f- -(i)ks	fágólčíks	fumiks
Instrumental	þ-	þágólč	þum	Instrumental	þ- -(i)ks	þágólčíks	þumiks
Comitative	n-	nágólč	num	Comitative	n- -(i)ks	nágólčíks	numiks
Essive	Ał-	áłágólč	ałum	Essive	Ał- -(i)ks	áłágólčíks	ałumiks
Adessive	x-	xágólč	xum	Adessive	x- -(i)ks	xágólčíks	xumiks
Allative	ŵ-	ŵágólč	ŵum	Allative	ŵ- -(i)ks	ŵágólčíks	ŵumiks
Abessive	þ-	þágólč	þum	Abessive	þ- -(i)ks	þágólčíks	þumiks
Ablative	þ-	þágólč	þum	Ablative	þ- -(i)ks	þágólčíks	þumiks
Inessive	š-	šágólč	šum	Inessive	š- -(i)ks	šágólčíks	šumiks
Illative	š-	šágólč	šum	Illative	š- -(i)ks	šágólčíks	šumiks
Exessive	m-	mágólč	mum	Exessive	m- -(i)ks	mágólčíks	mumiks
Elative	'Um-	'úmágólč	'umum	Elative	'Um- -(i)ks	'úmágólčíks	'umumiks

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Class IIIA: Soft Glottal Fricative Plural Fronted Stem Class

Class IIIA is the class used for monosyllabic nouns which begin with a soft glottal fricative consonant (romanizationally, these are words that begin with the letter ĥ) and contain one of three vowels: a, o, or u (either their lax or tense variants). In this class, the normal back vowels front, such that a becomes ä; o becomes ö; and u becomes ü. The result is what's known as the fronted stem. In Class IIIA, the fronted stem is used to form the plural, such that the same case marking applies to two different stems (the normal stem and fronted stem) to achieve the effect of having two different numbers. Additionally, the soft glottal fricative causes the case prefixes to spirantize.

Class IIIA Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	ĥórs "dog"	ĥarts "muddy grass"	Cases	Form	ĥórs "dog"	ĥarts "muddy grass"
Nominative	ĥ-	ĥórs	ĥarts	Nominative	ĥ-	ĥôrs	ĥärts
Terminative	x-	xórs	xarts	Terminative	x-	xôrs	xärts
Partitive	ŕ-	ŕórs	ŕarts	Partitive	ŕ-	ŕôrs	ŕärts
Genitive	f-	fórs	farts	Genitive	f-	fôrs	färts
Instrumental	þ-	þórs	þarts	Instrumental	þ-	þôrs	þärts
Comitative	n-	nórs	narts	Comitative	n-	nôrs	närts
Essive	Ał-	áłórs	ałarts	Essive	Ał-	âłôrs	äłärts
Adessive	x-	xórs	xarts	Adessive	x-	xôrs	xärts
Allative	ŵ-	ŵórs	ŵarts	Allative	ŵ-	ŵôrs	ŵärts
Abessive	þ-	þórs	þarts	Abessive	þ-	þôrs	þärts
Ablative	þ-	þórs	þarts	Ablative	þ-	þôrs	þärts
Inessive	š-	šórs	šarts	Inessive	š-	šôrs	šärts
Illative	š-	šórs	šarts	Illative	š-	šôrs	šärts
Exessive	m-	mórs	marts	Exessive	m-	môrs	märts
Elative	'Um-	'úmórs	'umarts	Elative	'Um-	'ûmôrs	'ümärts

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Class IIIB: Soft Glottal Fricative Oblique Fronted Stem Class

Class IIIB is for monosyllabic words that begin with a soft glottal fricative consonant (romanizationally, these are words that begin with the letter ĥ) and end with a consonant and contain one of three vowels: a, o, or u (either their lax or tense variants). In this class, the normal back vowels front, such that a becomes ä; o becomes ö; and u becomes ü. The result is what's known as the fronted stem. In Class IIIB, the fronted stem is used to form the oblique cases in the singular, while the normal stem is used to form the core cases. The core cases are the nominative, terminative, partitive, and genitive. The rest are the oblique cases. In the plural, the fronted stem is used for the core cases, and the fronted stem plus the plural marker -ks is used for the oblique cases. Additionally, the soft glottal fricative causes the case prefixes to spirantize.

Class IIIB Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	ĥaþl "fog"	ĥoft "garlic"	Cases	Form	ĥaþl "fog"	ĥoft "garlic"
Nominative	ĥ-	ĥaþl	ĥoft	Nominative	ĥ-	ĥäþl	ĥöft
Terminative	x-	xaþl	xoft	Terminative	x-	xäþl	xöft
Partitive	ŕ-	ŕaþl	ŕoft	Partitive	ŕ-	ŕäþl	ŕöft
Genitive	f-	faþl	foft	Genitive	f-	fäþl	föft
Instrumental	þ-	þäþl	þöft	Instrumental	þ- -(i)ks	þäþliks	þöftiks
Comitative	n-	näþl	nöft	Comitative	n- -(i)ks	näþliks	nöftiks
Essive	Ał-	äłäþl	äłöft	Essive	Ał- -(i)ks	äłäþliks	äłöftiks
Adessive	x-	xäþl	xöft	Adessive	x- -(i)ks	xäþliks	xöftiks
Allative	ŵ-	ŵäþl	ŵöft	Allative	ŵ- -(i)ks	ŵäþliks	ŵöftiks
Abessive	þ-	þäþl	þöft	Abessive	þ- -(i)ks	þäþliks	þöftiks
Ablative	þ-	þäþl	þöft	Ablative	þ- -(i)ks	þäþliks	þöftiks
Inessive	š-	šäþl	šöft	Inessive	š- -(i)ks	šäþliks	šöftiks
Illative	š-	šäþl	šöft	Illative	š- -(i)ks	šäþliks	šöftiks
Exessive	m-	mäþl	möft	Exessive	m- -(i)ks	mäþliks	möftiks
Elative	'Um-	'ümäþl	'ümöft	Elative	'Um- -(i)ks	'ümäþliks	'ümöftiks

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Class IIIC: Soft Glottal Fricative Plural Raised Stem Class

Class IIIC is the class used for monosyllabic nouns which begin with a soft glottal fricative consonant (romanizationally, these are words that begin with the letter ĥ) and end with a consonant, and whose vowel is e. In this class, the vowel e raises to become i. The result is what's known as the raised stem. In Class IIIC, the raised stem is used to form the plural, such that the same case marking applies to two different stems (the normal stem and the raised stem) to achieve the effect of having two different numbers.

Class IIIC Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	ĥenl "hide"	ĥesp "chest"	Cases	Form	ĥenl "hide"	ĥesp "chest"
Nominative	ĥ-	ĥenl	ĥesp	Nominative	ĥ-	ĥinl	ĥisp
Terminative	x-	xenl	xesp	Terminative	x-	xinl	xisp
Partitive	ŕ-	ŕenl	ŕesp	Partitive	ŕ-	ŕinl	ŕisp
Genitive	f-	fenl	fesp	Genitive	f-	finl	fisp
Instrumental	þ-	þenl	þesp	Instrumental	þ-	þinl	þisp
Comitative	n-	nenl	nesp	Comitative	n-	ninl	nisp
Essive	Ał-	äłenl	äłesp	Essive	Ał-	äłinl	äłisp
Adessive	x-	xenl	xesp	Adessive	x-	xinl	xisp
Allative	ŵ-	ŵenl	ŵesp	Allative	ŵ-	ŵinl	ŵisp
Abessive	þ-	þenl	þesp	Abessive	þ-	þinl	þisp
Ablative	þ-	þenl	þesp	Ablative	þ-	þinl	þisp
Inessive	š-	šenl	šesp	Inessive	š-	šinl	šisp
Illative	š-	šenl	šesp	Illative	š-	šinl	šisp
Exessive	m-	menl	mesp	Exessive	m-	minl	misp
Elative	'Um-	'ümenl	'ümesp	Elative	'Um-	'iminl	'imisp

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Class IIID: Soft Glottal Fricative Oblique Raised Stem Class

Class IIID is for monosyllabic words that begin with a soft glottal fricative consonant (romanizationally, these are words that begin with the letter ĥ) and end with a consonant, and whose vowel ise. In this class, the vowel e raises to become i. The result is what's known as the raised stem. In Class IIID, the raised stem is used to form the oblique cases in the singular, while the normal stem is used to form the core cases. The core cases are the nominative, terminative, partitive, and genitive. The rest are the oblique cases. In the plural, the raised stem is used for the core cases, and the raised stem plus the plural marker -ks is used for the oblique cases. Additionally, the soft glottal fricative causes the case prefixes to spirantize. [Note: There are two rules at work in these data. The first is rather simple, and is explained in rule 1 of the phonology section. The second involves the shape of the plural suffix, and is discussed in rule 11 of the phonology section.]

Class IIID Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	ĥeš "forest"	ĥex "glove"	Cases	Form	ĥeš "forest"	ĥex "glove"
Nominative	ĥ-	ĥeš	ĥex	Nominative	ĥ-	ĥiš	ĥix
Terminative	x-	xeš	xex	Terminative	x-	xiš	xix
Partitive	ŕ-	ŕeš	ŕex	Partitive	ŕ-	ŕiš	ŕix
Genitive	f-	feš	fex	Genitive	f-	fiš	fix
Instrumental	þ-	þiš	þix	Instrumental	þ- -(i)ks	þižiks	þiğis
Comitative	n-	niš	nix	Comitative	n- -(i)ks	nižiks	niğis
Essive	Ał-	äłiš	äłix	Essive	Ał- -(i)ks	äłižiks	äłiğis
Adessive	x-	xiš	xix	Adessive	x- -(i)ks	xižiks	xiğis
Allative	ŵ-	ŵiš	ŵix	Allative	ŵ- -(i)ks	ŵižiks	ŵiğis
Abessive	þ-	þiš	þix	Abessive	þ- -(i)ks	þižiks	þiğis
Ablative	þ-	þiš	þix	Ablative	þ- -(i)ks	þižiks	þiğis
Inessive	š-	šiš	šix	Inessive	š- -(i)ks	šižiks	šiğis
Illative	š-	šiš	šix	Illative	š- -(i)ks	šižiks	šiğis
Exessive	m-	miš	mix	Exessive	m- -(i)ks	mižiks	miğis
Elative	'Um-	'imiš	'imix	Elative	'Um- -(i)ks	'imižiks	'imiğis

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Class IV: Soft Glottal Stop Default Class

Class IV is the class used for nouns which begin with a soft glottal stop consonant. Romanizationally, these are words that begin with the letter '. The effect that this type of glottal stop has on the case prefixes is it makes that consonant more like a glottal stop. This produces a variety of effects which you can see below. The default class is used with words of one or more syllables, with the proviso that monosyllabic words must end in a consonant. For examples, see below.

Class IV Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	'ézíny "sword"	'ílô "creek"	Cases	Form	'ézíny "sword"	'ílô"creek"
Nominative	'-	'ézíny	'ílô	Nominative	'- -(i)ks	'ézínyíks	'ílôks
Terminative	k-	kézíny	kílô	Terminative	k- -(i)ks	kézínyíks	kílôks
Partitive	d-	dézíny	dílô	Partitive	d- -(i)ks	dézínyíks	dílôks
Genitive	p-	pézíny	pílô	Genitive	p- -(i)ks	pézínyíks	pílôks
Instrumental	t-	tézíny	tílô	Instrumental	t- -(i)ks	tézínyíks	tílôks
Comitative	d-	dézíny	dílô	Comitative	d- -(i)ks	dézínyíks	dílôks
Essive	Ad-	âdézíny	âdílô	Essive	Ad- -(i)ks	âdézínyíks	âdílôks
Adessive	k-	kézíny	kílô	Adessive	k- -(i)ks	kézínyíks	kílôks
Allative	g-	gézíny	gílô	Allative	g- -(i)ks	gézínyíks	gílôks
Abessive	t-	tézíny	tílô	Abessive	t- -(i)ks	tézínyíks	tílôks
Ablative	t-	tézíny	tílô	Ablative	t- -(i)ks	tézínyíks	tílôks
Inessive	ts-	tsézíny	tsílô	Inessive	ts- -(i)ks	tsézínyíks	tsílôks
Illative	č-	čézíny	čílô	Illative	č- -(i)ks	čézínyíks	čílôks
Exessive	b-	bézíny	bílô	Exessive	b- -(i)ks	bézínyíks	bílôks
Elative	'Ub-	'ûbézíny	'íbílô	Elative	'Ub- -(i)ks	'ûbézínyíks	'íbílôks

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Class IVA: Soft Glottal Stop Plural Fronted Stem Class

Class IVA is the class used for monosyllabic nouns which begin with a soft glottal stop consonant (romanizationally, these are words that begin with the letter ') and contain one of three vowels: a, o, or u (either their lax or tense variants). The effect that this type of glottal stop has on the case prefixes is it makes that consonant more like a glottal stop. This produces a variety of effects which you can see below. In this class, the normal back vowels front, such that a becomes ä; o becomes ö; and u becomes ü. The result is what's known as the fronted stem. In Class IVA, the fronted stem is used to form the plural, such that the same case marking applies to two different stems (the normal stem and fronted stem) to achieve the effect of having two different numbers.

Class IVA Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	'úr "tail"	'oks "handle"	Cases	Form	'úr "tail"	'oks "handle"
Nominative	'-	'úr	'oks	Nominative	'-	'ûr	'öks
Terminative	k-	kúr	koks	Terminative	k-	kûr	köks
Partitive	d-	dúr	doks	Partitive	d-	dûr	döks
Genitive	p-	púr	poks	Genitive	p-	pûr	pöks
Instrumental	t-	túr	toks	Instrumental	t-	tûr	töks
Comitative	d-	dúr	doks	Comitative	d-	dûr	döks
Essive	Ad-	ádúr	adoks	Essive	Ad-	âdûr	ädöks
Adessive	k-	kúr	koks	Adessive	k-	kûr	köks
Allative	g-	gúr	goks	Allative	g-	gûr	göks
Abessive	t-	túr	toks	Abessive	t-	tûr	töks
Ablative	t-	túr	toks	Ablative	t-	tûr	töks
Inessive	ts-	tsúr	tsoks	Inessive	ts-	tsûr	tsöks
Illative	č-	čúr	čoks	Illative	č-	čûr	čöks
Exessive	b-	búr	boks	Exessive	b-	bûr	böks
Elative	'Ub-	'úbúr	'uboks	Elative	'Ub-	'ûbûr	'üböks

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Class IVB: Soft Glottal Stop Oblique Fronted Stem Class

Class IVB is for monosyllabic words that begin with a soft glottal stop consonant (romanizationally, these are words that begin with the letter ') and end with a consonant and contain one of three vowels: a, o, or u (either their lax or tense variants). In this class, the normal back vowels front, such that a becomes ä; o becomes ö; and u becomes ü. The result is what's known as the fronted stem. In Class IVB, the fronted stem is used to form the oblique cases in the singular, while the normal stem is used to form the core cases. The core cases are the nominative, terminative, partitive, and genitive. The rest are the oblique cases. In the plural, the fronted stem is used for the core cases, and the fronted stem plus the plural marker -ks is used for the oblique cases. Additionally, the soft glottal stop makes the consonant of the case prefix more like a glottal stop.

Class IVB Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	'ostr "hill"	'uþw "navel"	Cases	Form	'ostr "hill"	'uþw "navel"
Nominative	'-	'ostr	'uþw	Nominative	'-	'östr	'üþw
Terminative	k-	kostr	kuþw	Terminative	k-	köstr	küþw
Partitive	d-	dostr	duþw	Partitive	d-	döstr	düþw
Genitive	p-	postr	puþw	Genitive	p-	pöstr	püþw
Instrumental	t-	töstr	tüþw	Instrumental	t- -(i)ks	töstriks	tüþwiks
Comitative	d-	döstr	düþw	Comitative	d- -(i)ks	döstriks	düþwiks
Essive	Ad-	ädöstr	ädüþw	Essive	Ad- -(i)ks	ädöstriks	ädüþwiks
Adessive	k-	köstr	küþw	Adessive	k- -(i)ks	köstriks	küþwiks
Allative	g-	göstr	güþw	Allative	g- -(i)ks	göstriks	güþwiks
Abessive	t-	töstr	tüþw	Abessive	t- -(i)ks	töstriks	tüþwiks
Ablative	t-	töstr	tüþw	Ablative	t- -(i)ks	töstriks	tüþwiks
Inessive	ts-	tsöstr	tsüþw	Inessive	ts- -(i)ks	tsöstriks	tsüþwiks
Illative	č-	čöstr	čüþw	Illative	č- -(i)ks	čöstriks	čüþwiks
Exessive	b-	böstr	büþw	Exessive	b- -(i)ks	böstriks	büþwiks
Elative	'Ub-	'üböstr	'übüþw	Elative	'Ub- -(i)ks	'üböstriks	'übüþwiks

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Class IVC: Soft Glottal Stop Plural Raised Stem Class

Class IVC is the class used for monosyllabic nouns which begin with a soft glottal stop consonant (romanizationally, these are words that begin with the letter ') and end with a consonant, and whose vowel is e. In this class, the vowel e raises to become i. The result is what's known as the raised stem. In Class IVC, the raised stem is used to form the plural, such that the same case marking applies to two different stems (the normal stem and the raised stem) to achieve the effect of having two different numbers. Additionally, the soft glottal stop makes the consonant of the case prefix more like a glottal stop. [Note: The b at the end of the word for "wound" is not pronounced when it comes word-finally. For more info see rule 12 of the phonology section for an explanation.]

Class IVC Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	'esl "stick"	'emb "wound"	Cases	Form	'esl "stick"	'emb "wound"
Nominative	'-	'esl	'emb	Nominative	'-	'isl	'imb
Terminative	k-	kesl	kemb	Terminative	k-	kisl	kimb
Partitive	d-	desl	demb	Partitive	d-	disl	dimb
Genitive	p-	pesl	pemb	Genitive	p-	pisl	pimb
Instrumental	t-	tesl	temb	Instrumental	t-	tisl	timb
Comitative	d-	desl	demb	Comitative	d-	disl	dimb
Essive	Ad-	ädesl	ädemb	Essive	Ad-	ädisl	ädimb
Adessive	k-	kesl	kemb	Adessive	k-	kisl	kimb
Allative	g-	gesl	gemb	Allative	g-	gisl	gimb
Abessive	t-	tesl	temb	Abessive	t-	tisl	timb
Ablative	t-	tesl	temb	Ablative	t-	tisl	timb
Inessive	ts-	tsesl	tsemb	Inessive	ts-	tsisl	tsimb
Illative	č-	česl	čemb	Illative	č-	čisl	čimb
Exessive	b-	besl	bemb	Exessive	b-	bisl	bimb
Elative	'Ub-	'übesl	'übemb	Elative	'Ub-	'ibisl	'ibimb

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Class IVD: Soft Glottal Stop Oblique Raised Stem Class

Class IVD is for monosyllabic words that begin with a soft glottal stop consonant (romanizationally, these are words that begin with the letter ĥ) and end with a consonant, and whose vowel ise. In this class, the vowel e raises to become i. The result is what's known as the raised stem. In Class IVD, the raised stem is used to form the oblique cases in the singular, while the normal stem is used to form the core cases. The core cases are the nominative, terminative, partitive, and genitive. The rest are the oblique cases. In the plural, the raised stem is used for the core cases, and the raised stem plus the plural marker -ks is used for the oblique cases. Additionally, the soft glottal stop makes the consonant of the case prefix more like a glottal stop.

Class IVD Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	'émr "brick"	'efkl "basket"	Cases	Form	'émr "brick"	'efkl "basket"
Nominative	'-	'émr	'efkl	Nominative	'-	'ímr	'ifkl
Terminative	k-	kémr	kefkl	Terminative	k-	kímr	kifkl
Partitive	d-	démr	defkl	Partitive	d-	dímr	difkl
Genitive	p-	pémr	pefkl	Genitive	p-	pímr	pifkl
Instrumental	t-	témr	tefkl	Instrumental	t- -(i)ks	tímríks	tifkliks
Comitative	d-	démr	defkl	Comitative	d- -(i)ks	dímríks	difkliks
Essive	Ad-	âdémr	ädefkl	Essive	Ad- -(i)ks	âdímríks	ädifkliks
Adessive	k-	kémr	kefkl	Adessive	k- -(i)ks	kímríks	kifkliks
Allative	g-	gémr	gefkl	Allative	g- -(i)ks	gímríks	gifkliks
Abessive	t-	témr	tefkl	Abessive	t- -(i)ks	tímríks	tifkliks
Ablative	t-	témr	tefkl	Ablative	t- -(i)ks	tímríks	tifkliks
Inessive	ts-	tsémr	tsefkl	Inessive	ts- -(i)ks	tsímríks	tsifkliks
Illative	č-	čémr	čefkl	Illative	č- -(i)ks	čímríks	čifkliks
Exessive	b-	bémr	befkl	Exessive	b- -(i)ks	bímríks	bifkliks
Elative	'Ub-	'ûbémr	'übefkl	Elative	'Ub- -(i)ks	'íbímríks	'ibifkliks

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Class V: Hard Glottal Default Class

Class V is a bit of an odd class. All words in all class V classes (default or otherwise) begin with a hard glottal, those being the hard glottal stop (romanized ") and the hard glottal fricative (romanized ħ). These sounds are no different from their non-hard glottal counterparts, but when case prefixes are added, the hard glottals are treated like non-glottal consonants. Thus, CV- prefixes are added to the beginning of the word. The glottals themselves, however, are not pronounced, resulting in hiatus. In the romanization, the hard glottal stop " will be omitted in declined nouns, but the hard glottal fricative ħ will remain, to remind the user of Gweydr of the nominative form of the noun. [Note: The change from s to z exhibited by certain declensions of ħôlôs is explained in rule 1 of the phonology section.]

Class V Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	"óví "door"	ħôlôs "chin"	Cases	Form	"óví "door"	ħôlôs "chin"
Nominative	"-/ħ-	"óví	ħôlôs	Nominative	"-/ħ- -(i)ks	"óvíks	ħôlôzíks
Terminative	ki-	kíóví	kíħôlôs	Terminative	ki- -(i)ks	kíóvíks	kíħôlôzíks
Partitive	rA-	ráóví	râħôlôs	Partitive	rA- -(i)ks	ráóvíks	râħôlôzíks
Genitive	fU-	fúóví	fûħôlôs	Genitive	fU- -(i)ks	fúóvíks	fûħôlôzíks
Instrumental	tA-	táóví	tâħôlôs	Instrumental	tA- -(i)ks	táóvíks	tâħôlôzíks
Comitative	ne-	néóví	néħôlôs	Comitative	ne- -(i)ks	néóvíks	néħôlôzíks
Essive	Al-	álóví	âlħôlôs	Essive	Al- -(i)ks	álóvíks	âlħôlôzíks
Adessive	gi-	gíóví	gíħôlôs	Adessive	gi- -(i)ks	gíóvíks	gíħôlôzíks
Allative	wO-	wóóví	wôħôlôs	Allative	wO- -(i)ks	wóóvíks	wôħôlôzíks
Abessive	di-	díóví	díħôlôs	Abessive	di- -(i)ks	díóvíks	díħôlôzíks
Ablative	þi-	þíóví	þíħôlôs	Ablative	þi- -(i)ks	þíóvíks	þíħôlôzíks
Inessive	sA-	sáóví	sâħôlôs	Inessive	sA- -(i)ks	sáóvíks	sâħôlôzíks
Illative	šA-	šáóví	šâħôlôs	Illative	šA- -(i)ks	šáóvíks	šâħôlôzíks
Exessive	mA-	máóví	mâħôlôs	Exessive	mA- -(i)ks	máóvíks	mâħôlôzíks
Elative	'Um-	'úmóví	'ûmħôlôs	Elative	'Um- -(i)ks	'úmóvíks	'ûmħôlôzíks

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Class VA: Hard Glottal Plural Fronted Stem Class

Class VA is the class used for monosyllabic nouns which begin with a hard glottal stop (romanized ") or a hard glottal fricative (romanized ħ) and contain one of three vowels: a, o, or u (either their lax or tense variants). These sounds are no different from their non-hard glottal counterparts, but when case prefixes are added, the hard glottals are treated like non-glottal consonants. Thus, CV- prefixes are added to the beginning of the word. The glottals themselves, however, are not pronounced, resulting in hiatus. In the romanization, the hard glottal stop " will be omitted in declined nouns, but the hard glottal fricative ħ will remain, to remind the user of Gweydr of the nominative form of the noun. In this class, the normal back vowels front, such that a becomes ä; o becomes ö; and u becomes ü. The result is what's known as the fronted stem. In Class VA, the fronted stem is used to form the plural, such that the same case marking applies to two different stems (the normal stem and fronted stem) to achieve the effect of having two different numbers.

Class VA Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	ħaksl "book"	"orf "candle"	Cases	Form	ħaksl "book"	"orf "candle"
Nominative	"-/ħ-	ħaksl	"orf	Nominative	"-/ħ-	ħäksl	"örf
Terminative	ki-	kiħaksl	kiorf	Terminative	ki-	kiħäksl	kiörf
Partitive	rA-	raħaksl	raorf	Partitive	rA-	räħäksl	räörf
Genitive	fU-	fuħaksl	fuorf	Genitive	fU-	füħäksl	füörf
Instrumental	tA-	taħaksl	taorf	Instrumental	tA-	täħäksl	täörf
Comitative	ne-	neħaksl	neorf	Comitative	ne-	neħäksl	neörf
Essive	Al-	alħaksl	alorf	Essive	Al-	älħäksl	älörf
Adessive	gi-	giħaksl	giorf	Adessive	gi-	giħäksl	giörf
Allative	wO-	woħaksl	woorf	Allative	wO-	wöħäksl	wöörf
Abessive	di-	diħaksl	diorf	Abessive	di-	diħäksl	diörf
Ablative	þi-	þiħaksl	þiorf	Ablative	þi-	þiħäksl	þiörf
Inessive	sA-	saħaksl	saorf	Inessive	sA-	säħäksl	säörf
Illative	šA-	šaħaksl	šaorf	Illative	šA-	šäħäksl	šäörf
Exessive	mA-	maħaksl	maorf	Exessive	mA-	mäħäksl	mäörf
Elative	'Um-	'umaħaksl	'umaorf	Elative	'Um-	'ümäħäksl	'ümäörf

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Class VB: Hard Glottal Oblique Fronted Stem Class

Class VB is the class used for monosyllabic nouns which begin with a hard glottal stop (romanized ") or a hard glottal fricative (romanized ħ) and contain one of three vowels: a, o, or u (either their lax or tense variants). These sounds are no different from their non-hard glottal counterparts, but when case prefixes are added, the hard glottals are treated like non-glottal consonants. Thus, CV- prefixes are added to the beginning of the word. The glottals themselves, however, are not pronounced, resulting in hiatus. In the romanization, the hard glottal stop " will be omitted in declined nouns, but the hard glottal fricative ħ will remain, to remind the user of Gweydr of the nominative form of the noun. In this class, the normal back vowels front, such that a becomes ä; o becomes ö; and u becomes ü. The result is what's known as the fronted stem. In Class VB, the fronted stem is used to form the oblique cases in the singular, while the normal stem is used to form the core cases. The core cases are the nominative, terminative, partitive, and genitive. The rest are the oblique cases. In the plural, the fronted stem is used for the core cases, and the fronted stem plus the plural marker -ks is used for the oblique cases.

Class VB Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	"orč "bear"	ħus "shovel"	Cases	Form	"orč "bear"	ħus "shovel"
Nominative	"-/ħ-	"orč	ħus	Nominative	"-/ħ-	"örč	ħüs
Terminative	ki-	kiorč	kiħus	Terminative	ki-	kiörč	kiħüs
Partitive	rA-	raorč	raħus	Partitive	rA-	räörč	räħüs
Genitive	fU-	fuorč	fuħus	Genitive	fU-	füörč	füħüs
Instrumental	tA-	täörč	täħüs	Instrumental	tA- -(i)ks	täörčiks	täħüziks
Comitative	ne-	neörč	neħüs	Comitative	ne- -(i)ks	neörčiks	neħüziks
Essive	Al-	älörč	älħüs	Essive	Al- -(i)ks	älörčiks	älħüziks
Adessive	gi-	giörč	giħüs	Adessive	gi- -(i)ks	giörčiks	giħüziks
Allative	wO-	wöörč	wöħüs	Allative	wO- -(i)ks	wöörčiks	wöħüziks
Abessive	di-	diörč	diħüs	Abessive	di- -(i)ks	diörčiks	diħüziks
Ablative	þi-	þiörč	þiħüs	Ablative	þi- -(i)ks	þiörčiks	þiħüziks
Inessive	sA-	säörč	säħüs	Inessive	sA- -(i)ks	säörčiks	säħüziks
Illative	šA-	šäörč	šäħüs	Illative	šA- -(i)ks	šäörčiks	šäħüziks
Exessive	mA-	mäörč	mäħüs	Exessive	mA- -(i)ks	mäörčiks	mäħüziks
Elative	'Um-	'ümörč	'ümħüs	Elative	'Um- -(i)ks	'ümörčiks	'ümħüziks

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Class VC: Hard Glottal Plural Raised Stem Class

Class VC is the class used for monosyllabic nouns which begin with a hard glottal stop (romanized ") or a hard glottal fricative (romanized ħ) and whose vowel is e (either their lax or tense variant). These sounds are no different from their non-hard glottal counterparts, but when case prefixes are added, the hard glottals are treated like non-glottal consonants. Thus, CV- prefixes are added to the beginning of the word. The glottals themselves, however, are not pronounced, resulting in hiatus. In the romanization, the hard glottal stop " will be omitted in declined nouns, but the hard glottal fricative ħ will remain, to remind the user of Gweydr of the nominative form of the noun. In this class, the vowel e raises to become i. The result is what's known as the raised stem. In Class VC, the raised stem is used to form the plural, such that the same case marking applies to two different stems (the normal stem and raised stem) to achieve the effect of having two different numbers.

Class VC Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	"elts "cheek"	ħesk "shirt"	Cases	Form	"elts "cheek"	ħesk "shirt"
Nominative	"-/ħ-	"elts	ħesk	Nominative	"-/ħ-	"ilts	ħisk
Terminative	ki-	kielts	kiħesk	Terminative	ki-	kiilts	kiħisk
Partitive	rA-	räelts	räħesk	Partitive	rA-	räilts	räħisk
Genitive	fU-	füelts	füħesk	Genitive	fU-	fiilts	fiħisk
Instrumental	tA-	täelts	täħesk	Instrumental	tA-	täilts	täħisk
Comitative	ne-	neelts	neħesk	Comitative	ne-	neilts	neħisk
Essive	Al-	älelts	älħesk	Essive	Al-	älilts	älħisk
Adessive	gi-	gielts	giħesk	Adessive	gi-	giilts	giħisk
Allative	wO-	weelts	weħesk	Allative	wO-	wöilts	wöħisk
Abessive	di-	dielts	diħesk	Abessive	di-	diilts	diħisk
Ablative	þi-	þielts	þiħesk	Ablative	þi-	þiilts	þiħisk
Inessive	sA-	säelts	säħesk	Inessive	sA-	säilts	säħisk
Illative	šA-	šäelts	šäħesk	Illative	šA-	šäilts	šäħisk
Exessive	mA-	mäelts	mäħesk	Exessive	mA-	mäilts	mäħisk
Elative	'Um-	'ümelts	'ümħesk	Elative	'Um-	'imilts	'imħisk

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Class VD: Hard Glottal Stop Oblique Raised Stem Class

Class VD is for monosyllabic words that begin with a hard glottal stop (romanized ") or a hard glottal fricative (romanized ħ) and end with a consonant, and whose vowel ise. In this class, the vowel e raises to become i. The result is what's known as the raised stem. In Class VD, the raised stem is used to form the oblique cases in the singular, while the normal stem is used to form the core cases. The core cases are the nominative, terminative, partitive, and genitive. The rest are the oblique cases. In the plural, the raised stem is used for the core cases, and the raised stem plus the plural marker -ks is used for the oblique cases. Additionally, the hard glottal stop makes the consonant of the case prefix more like a glottal stop.

Class VD Declension Table
Singular				Plural
Cases	Form	"eldr "flag"	ħentl "mushroom"	Cases	Form	"eldr "flag"	ħentl "mushroom"
Nominative	"-/ħ-	"eldr	ħentl	Nominative	"-/ħ-	"ildr	ħintl
Terminative	ki-	kieldr	kiħentl	Terminative	ki-	kiildr	kiħintl
Partitive	rA-	räeldr	räħentl	Partitive	rA-	räildr	räħintl
Genitive	fU-	füeldr	füħentl	Genitive	fU-	fiildr	fiħintl
Instrumental	tA-	täeldr	täħentl	Instrumental	tA- -(i)ks	täildriks	täħintl
Comitative	ne-	neeldr	neħentl	Comitative	ne- -(i)ks	neildriks	neħintliks
Essive	Al-	äleldr	älħentl	Essive	Al- -(i)ks	älildriks	älħintliks
Adessive	gi-	gieldr	giħentl	Adessive	gi- -(i)ks	giildriks	giħintliks
Allative	wO-	weeldr	weħentl	Allative	wO- -(i)ks	wöildriks	wöintliks
Abessive	di-	dieldr	diħentl	Abessive	di- -(i)ks	diildriks	diħintliks
Ablative	þi-	þieldr	þiħentl	Ablative	þi- -(i)ks	þiildriks	þiħintliks
Inessive	sA-	säeldr	säħentl	Inessive	sA- -(i)ks	säildriks	säħintliks
Illative	šA-	šäeldr	šäħentl	Illative	šA- -(i)ks	šäildriks	šäħintliks
Exessive	mA-	mäeldr	mäħentl	Exessive	mA- -(i)ks	mäildriks	mäħintliks
Elative	'Um-	'ümeldr	'ümħentl	Elative	'Um- -(i)ks	'imildriks	'imħintliks

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